Perception Chapter 6. Perception Selective Attention Perceptual Illusions Perceptual Organization  Form Perception  Motion Perception  Perceptual Constancy.

Presentation on theme: "Perception Chapter 6. Perception Selective Attention Perceptual Illusions Perceptual Organization  Form Perception  Motion Perception  Perceptual Constancy."— Presentation transcript:

1 Perception Chapter 6

2 Perception Selective Attention Perceptual Illusions Perceptual Organization  Form Perception  Motion Perception  Perceptual Constancy

3 Perception Perceptual Interpretation  Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision  Perceptual Adaptation  Perceptual Set  Perception and Human Factor

4 Perception Is there Extrasensory Perception?  Claims of ESP  Premonitions or Pretensions  Putting ESP to Experimental Test

5 THE STROOP EFFECT

6 BLUE, RED, GREEN, ORANGE, BROWN, RED, GREEN, BLUE, ORANGE, BLUE, RED, ORANGE, GREEN, BROWN, RED, BLUE, BROWN, GREEN, ORANGE, RED, BLUE

7 BLUE, RED, GREEN, ORANGE, BROWN, RED, GREEN, BLUE, ORANGE, BLUE, RED, ORANGE, GREEN, BROWN, RED, BLUE, BROWN, GREEN, ORANGE, RED, BLUE

8 Perception The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

9 Selective Attention Perceptions about objects change from moment to moment. We can perceive different forms of the Necker cube; however, we can only pay attention to one aspect of the object at a time. Necker Cube

10 Selective Attention The focus on one’s consciousness on a particular stimulus Important for self-regulation Ex: driving, cocktail party effect -must focus on road rather than hunger or feelings about argument.

11 x

12 Video The Office “Halloween Costume Contest”

13 Awareness Test

14 Inattentional Blindness Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst. Simmons & Chabris (1999) showed that half of the observers failed to see the gorilla-suited assistant in a ball passing game. Daniel Simons, University of Illinois

15 Change Blindness Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions. © 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons.

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17 Perceptual Illusions Illusions provide good examples in understanding how perception is organized. Studying faulty perception is as important as studying other perceptual phenomena. Line AB is longer than line BC.

18 Tall Arch In this picture, the vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than the horizontal dimension. However, both are equal. Rick Friedman/ Black Star

19 Illusion of a Worm The figure on the right gives the illusion of a blue hazy “worm” when it is nothing else but blue lines identical to the figure on the left. © 1981, by permission of Christoph Redies and Lothar Spillmann and Pion Limited, London

20 3-D Illusion It takes a great deal of effort to perceive this figure in two dimensions. Reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL. Adapted from Hoffman, D. & Richards, W. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 63, 29-78

21 Perceptual Organization When vision competes with our other senses, vision usually wins – a phenomena called visual capture. How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information? We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its surroundings. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

22 Mcgurk Effect Video

23 Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground). Form Perception Time Savings Suggestion, © 2003 Roger Sheperd.

24 Grouping After distinguishing the figure from the ground, our perception needs to organize the figure into a meaningful form using grouping rules.

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26 Depth Perception Visual Cliff Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception. Innervisions

27 Binocular Cues Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes Ex: close one eye and bring fingertips together Ex: roll up paper and you will see a hole in your hand

28 Binocular Cues Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two index fingers when pointing them towards each other half an inch apart and about 5 inches directly in front of your eyes. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset.

29 Binocular Cues Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see faraway objects.

30 Depth Perception Monocular cues:cues that can be perceived by one eye, to create an illusion of depth Perspective:a monocular cue for depth based on the convergence (coming together) of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

31 Monocular Cues Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away.

32 Monocular Cues Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer.

33 Monocular Cues Relative Clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp and clear.

34 Monocular Cues Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals an increasing distance. Closer objects appear to have rougher (more detailed) surfaces © Eric Lessing/ Art Resource, NY

35 Monocular Cues Relative Height: We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower. Image courtesy of Shaun P. Vecera, Ph. D., adapted from stimuli that appered in Vecrera et al., 2002

36 Monocular Cues Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.

37 Motion Parallax A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion Mountains-move with us (greater distances) Trees, roadside markers-move rapidly

38 Monocular Cues Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. © The New Yorker Collection, 2002, Jack Ziegler from cartoonbank.com. All rights reserved.

39 Monocular Cues Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away. From “Perceiving Shape From Shading” by Vilayaur S. Ramachandran. © 1988 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.

40 Motion Perception Motion Perception: Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.

41 Apparent Motion Phi Phenomenon: When lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion perception. -a row of lights is switched on, then off, then the next row… -the on-off process is perceived as movement (Ex: electronic scoreboard baseball) Two lights flashing one after the other. One light jumping from one point to another: Illusion of motion.

42 Perception of Movement 1)Autokinetic effect-the tendency to perceive a stationary point of light in a dark room as moving 2) Stroboscopic motion-a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by a series of stationary images presented in rapid succession (flip book, motion pictures)

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44 Perceptual Constancy Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size. Shape Constancy

45 Size Constancy Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli. Size Constancy

46 Size-Distance Relationship The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of distance cues. Ponzo effect From Shepard, 1990 Alan Choisnet/ The Image Bank

47 Size-Distance Relationship Both girls in the room are of similar height. However, we perceive them to be of different heights as they stand in the two corners of the room. Both photos from S. Schwartzenberg/ The Exploratorium

48 Ames Room The Ames room is designed to demonstrate the size- distance illusion.

49 Lightness Constancy The color and brightness of square A and B are the same. Courtesy Edward Adelson

50 Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object. Color Constancy

51 Monocular Cues (pg.254) Relative size (smaller is more distant) Interposition (an object that blocks another is closer than the blocked object) Relative clarity (hazy object is farther away than an object seen clearly) Texture gradient (coarse distinct objects are closer) Relative height (objects higher in our visual field are farther away) Relative Motion or Motion Parallax (when you are moving, objects closer than a fixation point appear to move backwards and closer the object, the faster it moves. Objects beyond the fixation point appear to move with you ) Linear perspective (the more two parallel lines converge, the farther away they are) Light and shadow (nearby objects reflect more light than faraway objects)

52 Day 3

53 Perceptual Interpretation Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. John Locke (1632-1704) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our experiences. How important is experience in shaping our perceptual interpretation?

54 Restored Vision After cataract surgery, blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationships, yet they had difficulty distinguishing a circle and a triangle (Von Senden, 1932).

55 Facial Recognition After blind adults regained sight, they were able to recognize distinct features, but were unable to recognize faces. Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when the lower half of the pictures are changed. Critical Period Courtesy of Richard LeGrand

56 Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars. Blakemore & Cooper (1970) Sensory Deprivation

57 The Ganzfeld Contours are important Little sensory change can lead to: –Dizziness –Fatigue –“snow blindness”

58 Vision and Balance Exercise: stand on one foot, then close your eyes, then try after you spin around a few times Maintaining balance depends on visual cues to some extent

59 Perceptual Adaptation Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses. Courtesy of Hubert Dolezal

60 Perceptual Set A mental predisposition (bias or readiness) to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures. Similar to priming or stereotyping Influenced by expectations or context

61 Perceptual Set

62 From Shepard, 1990.

63 Perceptual Set From Shepard, 1990.

64 (a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying saucers or clouds? Perceptual Set Other examples of perceptual set. Frank Searle, photo Adams/ Corbis-Sygma Dick Ruhl

65 Girl or Boy or Same Kid?

66 Shout out the answers What do these letters spell? FOLK

67 How about these? CROAK

68 And what do these letters spell? SOAK

69 What do we call the white of an egg?

70 Children's schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see. Schemas Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil

71 Students recognized a caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger faster than his actual photo. Features on a Face Face schemas are accentuated by specific features on the face. Kieran Lee/ FaceLab, Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia

72 Eye & Mouth Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition. Courtesy of Christopher Tyler

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75 Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from the ceiling? Context Effects Context can radically alter perception.

76 To an East African, the woman sitting is balancing a metal box on her head, while the family is sitting under a tree. Cultural Context Context instilled by culture also alters perception.

77 Perception Revisited Is perception innate or acquired?

78 Perception & Human Factors http://www.baddesigns.com/ Human Factor Psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions. “natural mapping” The knobs for the stove burners on the right are easier to understand than those on the left. Photodisc/ Punchstock Courtesy of General Electric

79 Human Factors & Misperceptions Understanding human factors enables us to design equipment to prevent disasters. Two-thirds of airline crashes caused by human error are largely due to errors of perception.

80 Is There Extrasensory Perception? Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.

81 Claims of ESP Paranormal phenomena include astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead, and out-of-body experiences, but most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.

82 Claims of ESP Telepathy: Mind-to-mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving them. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events, such as sensing a friend’s house on fire. Precognition: Perceiving future events, such as a political leader’s death.

83 Premonitions or Pretensions? Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus? The answers to these questions are NO! Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to events that took place after his predictions.

84 Putting ESP to Experimental Test In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman attempted to prove whether or not one can psychically influence or predict a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time.