Theories Cognitive Psychology Red Color Psychology The Color Red Is Associated With Both Positive and Negative Emotions By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book." Learn about our editorial process Updated on June 28, 2023 Reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by mental health professionals. Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Amy Morin, LCSW Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist and international bestselling author. Her books, including "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," have been translated into more than 40 languages. Her TEDx talk, "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time. Learn about our Review Board Print Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Danger and Warning Excitement and Energy Aggression Dominance Passion and Desire Power Trending Videos Close this video player In color psychology, red provokes the strongest emotions of any color. While cool colors like green and blue are generally considered peaceful and calming, the color red is considered the warmest and most contradictory of the colors. In fact, this fiery hue has more opposing emotional associations than any other color: Red is linked to passion and love as well as power and anger. Here are some of the most common feelings and qualities that the color red can stimulate psychologically. Verywell / Cindy Chung The Color Red Conveys Danger and Warning Thanks to its long wavelength, red is one of the most visible colors in the color spectrum (second only to yellow). Its ability to instantly grab people's attention is the reason why it's often used to warn people of impending danger. Think: stop signs, sirens, fire engines, and red traffic lights. Red is also used to convey danger in a non-literal way. Some examples include using the phrase "in the red" to describe financial loss or "red flag" to indicate when something is wrong with a person or situation. People tend to associate red with negative, danger-bearing emotions. This could be because it is the color of fire, blood, and sometimes poisonous or dangerous animals. The Color Red Stimulates Excitement and Energy This stimulating color is also associated with excitement. Studies show that being exposed to or wearing red can cause some of the following physical effects: Elevated blood pressureEnhanced metabolismIncreased heart rateIncreased respiration rate All of these physiological changes naturally cause your energy levels to spike. The color is also known to increase your appetite by increasing your metabolism, which is why red is such a popular color in restaurants. Red Color Psychology and Aggression Across cultures, people intuitively associate red with the concept of anger. This relationship makes sense given that many people get red in the face from increased blood flow when they're angry. The expression "seeing red" is thought to be based on the physical characteristics associated with anger, including redness of the face and neck, which are caused by elevated blood pressure. What Is Aggression? The Color Red Is Associated With Dominance It's not just mood and emotions that the color red can affect. In the arena of sports, wearing the color red can also increase your chances of winning. In the 2004 Olympics in Athens, competitors in four sports—boxing, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, and taekwondo—were randomly assigned red or blue clothing. In all four competitions, red-clad contestants won more fights. Many think these results are due to the link between red and perceived dominance. For instance, donning a red uniform may cause an athlete to feel dominant and perform more aggressively. Alternatively, athletes in red may be seen as more aggressive, more dominant, and more likely to win a physical competition not only by their opponents but also by the referees. Whatever the reason, it is clear that red-clad athletes tend to have a significant advantage over their opponents. (Maybe this is why so many athletes, including the great Tiger Woods, wear red clothing when they compete.) The Color Red Symbolizes Passion and Desire But red does not always signal danger and aggression. Perhaps not surprisingly, red also symbolizes passion, love, and desire. These associations could explain why people wearing red are consistently rated as more attractive by the opposite sex. In a landmark study published in 2008, researchers showed men an image of a woman and asked them to rate her attractiveness. Some men saw a woman wearing a red shirt while others saw the same woman wearing a blue shirt. Results showed that men rated the woman in red as more sexually desirable than the same woman in blue. Some researchers theorize that the reason the color red is associated with sexual arousal is that blood flow increases during arousal, leaving the skin—particularly the face—with a reddish tone. Red Color Psychology and Power Red can also represent power, a relationship that can be found all over modern-day society. The "power tie" worn by businessmen across the globe is, traditionally, red. And don't forget the hallowed "red carpet" that is only rolled out for the most prestigious celebrities and dignitaries. According to some, this association with power and wealth is the reason why women find men dressed in red so attractive. One potential explanation for the color red being associated with power is that this color is often used to draw attention. This increased attention signifies that something is important, and power and importance often go hand in hand. A Word From Verywell Like other colors, responses to red often depend upon past experiences and cultural influences. Some may find red fun and playful, while others feel it is too bold, exciting, or even dominating. Consider your own feelings for the color red and think about how these factors may have contributed to your reaction (or lack of one) to this color. The Color Psychology of Pink 10 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Kuniecki M, Pilarczyk J, Wichary S. The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:212. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212 AL-Ayash A, Kane RT, Smith D, Green-Armytage P. The influence of color on student emotion, heart rate, and performance in learning environments. Color Res Appl. 2015;41(2):196-205. doi:10.1002/col.21949 Thorndike AN, Sonnenberg L, Riis J, Barraclough S, Levy DE. A 2-phase labeling and choice architecture intervention to improve healthy food and beverage choices. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(3):527-533. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300391 Peromaa T, Olkkonen M. Red color facilitates the detection of facial anger - But how much?. PLoS One. 2019;14(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215610 Fetterman AK, Robinson MD, Meier BP. Anger as “seeing red”: Evidence for a perceptual association. Cogn Emot. 2012;26(8):1445-1458. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.673477 Hill RA, Barton RA. Psychology: Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature. 2005;435(7040):293. doi:10.1038/435293a Little AC, Hill RA. Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology. 2007;5(1-4):1789-2082. doi:10.1556/JEP.2007.1008 Elliot AJ, Niesta D. Romantic red: Red enhances men’s attraction to women. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2008;95(5):1150-1164. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150 Elliot AJ. Color and psychological functioning: a review of theoretical and empirical work. Front Psychol. 2015;6:368. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368 Elliot AJ, Kayser DN, Greitemeyer T, et al. Red, rank, and romance in women viewing men. J Exp Psychol Gen. 2010;139(3):399-417. doi:10.1037/a0019689 By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book." See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Helpful Report an Error Other Submit