Abstract
Solar energy demand is growing for future energy needs in different sectors to replace fossil fuels, which leads to a reduced carbon footprint and global warming. Evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSC) harness solar thermal energy for air heating, water heating, and drying in domestic and industrial sectors. The review paper comprises ETSC technology categorization, influencing factors like fin arrangement, integration of phase change material, tilt angle, solar radiation, and airflow rate on the performance of ETSC-based solar air heaters and dryers. The thermal performance parameters, like the collector efficiency, dryer efficiency, energy and exergy efficiency, thermal profile, zone temperature, relative humidity, heat loss during operations, etc., are reviewed. The developed ETSC-based air heating systems and solar dryers for drying agricultural products are performed effectively. However, research progress on improving the thermal performance integrated with nanofluids and phase change materials was discussed. CO2 mitigation analysis and global standards for ETSC-based air heaters and dryers are compiled. A large scope exists by use of solar air heaters (SAH) for food commodity drying with a suitable drying chamber and improving the designs of ETSC-based solar dryers. The work accomplished by various researchers has been analyzed in this study for prospective research gaps in the context of future design and development.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Abi Mathew A, Thangavel V (2021) A novel thermal storage integrated evacuated tube heat pipe solar air heater: Energy, exergy, economic and environmental impact analysis. Sol Energy 220:828–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.03.057
Abokersh MH, El-Morsi M, Sharaf O, Abdelrahman W (2017) On-demand operation of a compact solar water heater based on U-pipe evacuated tube solar collector combined with phase change material. Sol Energy 155:1130–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2017.07.008
Abu Hamed T, Alkharabsheh S (2020) Design and performance analysis of a new evacuated tube solar air heaters equipped with fins and coils. Int J Sustain Energ 39:997–1008. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2020.1798446
Algarni S, Mellouli S, Alqahtani T et al (2020) Experimental investigation of an evacuated tube solar collector incorporating nano-enhanced PCM as a thermal booster. Appl Therm Eng 180:115831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115831
Ali M (2016) Effects of different working fl uid use on the energy and exergy performance for evacuated tube solar collector with thermosyphon heat pipe. Renew Energy 96:244–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.058
Al-tabbakhand A, Mohammed AA (2017) Experimental investigation of an evacuated tube solar air collector. Adv Nat Appl Sci 11:62–70
Amjad W, Ali Gilani G, Munir A et al (2020) Energetic and exergetic thermal analysis of an inline-airflow solar hybrid dryer. Appl Therm Eng 166:114632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114632
Ayyappan S (2018) Performance and CO2 mitigation analysis of a solar greenhouse dryer for coconut drying. Energy Environ 29:1482–1494. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X18781891
Babar OA, Tarafdar A, Malakar S, et al (2020) Design and performance evaluation of a passive flat plate collector solar dryer for agricultural products. J Food Proc Eng 43:e13484. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13484
Bakry AI, El-Samadouny YAF, El-Agouz SA et al (2018) Performance of the one-ended evacuated tubes as medium temperature solar air heaters at low flow rates. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 30:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2018.10.002
Bazri S, Badruddin IA, Naghavi MS et al (2019) An analytical and comparative study of the charging and discharging processes in a latent heat thermal storage tank for solar water heater system. Sol Energy 185:424–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2019.04.046
Chauhan YB, Rathod PP (2018) A comprehensive review on solar dryer. Int J Ambient Energy 41:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1456960
Chopra K, Tyagi VV, Pathak AK et al (2019) Experimental performance evaluation of a novel designed phase change material integrated manifold heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector system. Energy Convers Manage 198:111896. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2019.111896
Chopra K, Pathak AK, Tyagi VV et al (2020) Thermal performance of phase change material integrated heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector system: An experimental assessment. Energy Convers Manage 203:112205. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2019.112205
Chopra K, Tyagi VV, Pandey AK et al (2021) Energy, exergy, enviroeconomic & exergoeconomic (4E) assessment of thermal energy storage assisted solar water heating system: Experimental & theoretical approach. J Energy Storage 35:102232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102232
Dabra V, Yadav L, Yadav A (2013) The effect of tilt angle on the performance of evacuated tube solar air collector : experimental analysis. Int J Eng Sci Technol 5:100–110. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v5i4.9
Daghigh R, Shafieian A (2016a) An experimental study of a heat pipe evacuated tube solar dryer with heat recovery system. Renew Energy 96:872–880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.05.025
Daghigh R, Shafieian A (2016b) Energy-exergy analysis of a multipurpose evacuated tube heat pipe solar water heating-drying system. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 78:266–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.06.010
Daghigh R, Zandi P (2019) Improving the performance of heat pipe embedded evacuated tube collector with nanofluids and auxiliary gas system. Renew Energy 134:888–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2018.11.090
Dinesh SN, Ravi S, Manoj Kumar P et al (2021) Study on an ETC solar water heater using flat and wavy diffuse reflectors. Mater Today: Proc 47:5228–5232. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.05.561
Eidan AA, AlSahlani A, Ahmed AQ et al (2018) Improving the performance of heat pipe-evacuated tube solar collector experimentally by using Al2O3 and CuO/acetone nanofluids. Sol Energy 173:780–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2018.08.013
Essa MA, Mostafa NH, Ibrahim MM (2018) An experimental investigation of the phase change process effects on the system performance for the evacuated tube solar collectors integrated with PCMs. Energy Convers Manage 177:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.045
Fang W, Riffat S, Wu Y (2017) Experimental investigation of evacuated heat pipe solar collector efficiency using phase-change fluid. Int J Low-Carbon Technol 12:392–399. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctx010
Feliński P, Sekret R (2017) Effect of PCM application inside an evacuated tube collector on the thermal performance of a domestic hot water system. Energy Build 152:558–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.065
Fudholi A, Sopian K (2019) A review of solar air flat plate collector for drying application. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 102:333–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.032
Ghaderian J, Sidik NAC (2017) An experimental investigation on the effect of Al2O3/distilled water nanofluid on the energy efficiency of evacuated tube solar collector. Int J Heat Mass Transf 108:972–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHEATMASSTRANSFER.2016.12.101
Gunasekaran N, Manoj Kumar P, Raja S et al (2021) Investigation on ETC solar water heater using twisted tape inserts. Mater Today: Proc 47:5011–5016. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2021.04.586
Iranmanesh S, Ong HC, Ang BC et al (2017) Thermal performance enhancement of an evacuated tube solar collector using graphene nanoplatelets nanofluid. J Clean Prod 162:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2017.05.175
Iranmanesh M, Samimi H, Saleh M, Jahromi B (2020) CFD modeling and evaluation the performance of a solar cabinet dryer equipped with evacuated tube solar collector and thermal storage system. Renew Energy 145:1192–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.038
Jafarkazemi F, Abdi H (2012) Evacuated tube solar heat pipe collector model and associated tests. J Renew Sustain Energy 4:023101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3690958
Jahanbakhsh A, Haghgou HR, Alizadeh S (2015) Experimental analysis of a heat pipe operated solar collector using water-ethanol solution as the working fluid. Sol Energy 118:267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.04.023
Kabeel AE, Khairat MM, Shehata AI (2017) Augmentation of thermal efficiency of the glass evacuated solar tube collector with coaxial heat pipe with different refrigerants and filling ratio. Energy Convers Manage 138:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.01.048
Kumar SBS (2018) Experimental study on the thermal efficiency of the forced convection evacuated tube solar air collectors with and without absorber plate. J Ind Pollut Control 34:1839–1846
Kumar PM, Mylsamy K (2020) A comprehensive study on thermal storage characteristics of nano-CeO2 embedded phase change material and its influence on the performance of evacuated tube solar water heater. Renew Energy 162:662–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2020.08.122
Kumar A, Kumar S, Yadav A (2016) Thermal performance analysis of evacuated tubes solar air collector in Indian climate conditions. Int J Ambient Energy 37:162–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2014.915884
Kumar SS, Kumar KM, Kumar SRS (2017) Design of evacuated tube solar collector with heat pipe. Mater Today: Proc 4(14):12641–12646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.075
Kumar A, Sharma H, Bisariya SK, Mishra GK (2018) Design and fabrication of evacuated tube solar air collector for heating air. Int Res J Eng Technol 05:2805–2807
Kumar PM, Mylsamy K, Alagar K, Sudhakar K (2020) Investigations on an evacuated tube solar water heater using hybrid-nano based organic phase change material. Int J Green Energy 17:872–883. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2020.1809426
Kumar A, Kumar A, Said Z (2021a) A comprehensive review analysis on advances of evacuated tube solar collector using nanofluids and PCM. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 47:101417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101417
Kumar A, Said Z, Bellos E (2021b) An up-to-date review on evacuated tube solar collectors. J Therm Anal Calorim 145(6):2873–2889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09953-9
Kumar A, Kumar S, Nagar U, Yadav A (2013) Experimental study of thermal performance of one-ended evacuated tubes for producing hot air. J Solar Energ 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/524715
Kushwah A, Kumar A, Gaur MK, Pal A (2021) Garlic dehydration inside heat exchanger-evacuated tube assisted drying system: Thermal performance, drying kinetic and color index. J Stored Prod Res 93:101852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2021.101852
Lamidi RO, Jiang L, Pathare PB et al (2019) Recent advances in sustainable drying of agricultural produce: a review. Appl Energy 233–234:367–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.044
Lamnatou C, Papanicolaou E, Belessiotis V, Kyriakis N (2012) Experimental investigation and thermodynamic performance analysis of a solar dryer using an evacuated-tube air collector. Appl Energy 94:232–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.025
Lee GH (2013) A study for the use of solar energy for agricultural industry - solar drying system using evacuated tubular solar collector and auxiliary heater -. J Biosyst Eng 38:41–47
Luo Q, Li B, Wang Z et al (2021) Thermal modeling of air-type double-pass solar collector with PCM-rod embedded in vacuum tube. Energy Convers Manage 235:113952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.113952
Mahbubul IM, Khan MMA, Ibrahim NI et al (2018) Carbon nanotube nanofluid in enhancing the efficiency of evacuated tube solar collector. Renew Energy 121:36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2018.01.006
Mahesh A, Sooriamoorthi CE, Kumaraguru AK (2012) Performance study of solar vacuum tubes type dryer. J Renew Sustain Energy 4:121–128. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4767934
Malakar S, Arora VK (2022) Development of phase change material assisted evacuated tube solar dryer : Investigation of thermal profile, drying characteristics, and functional properties of pumpkin slices. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 80:103109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103109
Malakar S, Arora VK, Nema PK (2021) Design and performance evaluation of an evacuated tube solar dryer for drying garlic clove. Renew Energy 168:568–580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.12.068
Malakar S, Alam M, Arora VK (2022) Evacuated tube solar and sun drying of beetroot slices: comparative assessment of thermal performance, drying kinetics, and quality analysis. Sol Energy 233:246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2022.01.029
Malakar S, Arora VK (2021) Mathematical modeling of drying kinetics of garlic clove in forced convection evacuated tube solar dryer. In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (pp. 813–820). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0159-0_72
Manivel R, Sivakumar S, Rajagopal T (2015) Experimental investigation and theoretical modelling of solar dryer using evacuated tube collector. Appl Mech Mater 787:147–151. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.787.147
Mathew AA, Thangavel V (2021) A novel thermal energy storage integrated evacuated tube heat pipe solar dryer for agricultural products: Performance and economic evaluation. Renew Energy 179:1674–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.029
Mehla N, Kumar M, Yadav A (2019) Annual Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Tube Solar Air Collector With Phase Change Material. J Solar Energy Eng 142:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4045823
Mehla N, Kumar A (2021) Experimental evaluation of used engine oil based thermal energy storage coupled with novel evacuated tube solar air collector (NETAC). J Energy Storage 39:102656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102656
Mehla N, Yadav A (2017a) Experimental investigation of a desiccant dehumidifier based on evacuated tube solar collector with a PCM storage unit. Drying Technol. 35:417–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2016.1180300
Mehla N, Yadav A (2017b) Experimental analysis of thermal performance of evacuated tube solar air collector with phase change material for sunshine and off-sunshine hours. Int J Ambient Energy 38:130–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2015.1074612
MNRE Standard (2013) All glass (glass in glass) evacuated tubes solar water heating system, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi, India. http://164.100.94.214/sites/default/files/uploads/MNRE-STD-AGETSWHS.pdf
Morrison GL, Budihardjo I, Behnia M (2004) Water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters. Solar Energy 76(7):135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.024
Naghavi MS, Ong KS, Badruddin IA et al (2015) Theoretical model of an evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector integrated with phase change material. Energy 91:911–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.100
Nain S, Parinam A, Kajal S (2016) Experimental study and analysis of air heating system using a parabolic trough solar collector experimental study and analysis of air heating system using a parabolic trough solar collector. Int J Ambient Energy 0:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2016.1269677
Panwar N (2015) Design and performance analysis of one ended evacuated tubes at different air flow rates. Int J Sci Res Dev 3:1368–1372
Papadimitratos A, Sobhansarbandi S, Pozdin V et al (2016) Evacuated tube solar collectors integrated with phase change materials. Sol Energy 129:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SOLENER.2015.12.040
Rajagopal T, Sivakumar S, Manivel R (2014) Development of solar dryer incorporated with evacuated tube collector. Int J Innov Res Sci, Eng Technol 3:2655–2658
Sabiha MA, Saidur R, Hassani S et al (2015) Energy performance of an evacuated tube solar collector using single walled carbon nanotubes nanofluids. Energy Convers Manage 105:1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENCONMAN.2015.09.009
Sadeghi G, Safarzadeh H, Ameri M (2019) Experimental and numerical investigations on performance of evacuated tube solar collectors with parabolic concentrator, applying synthesized Cu2O/distilled water nanofluid. Energy Sustain Dev 48:88–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2018.10.008
Sarafraz MM, Safaei MR (2019) Thermal evaluation of an evacuated tube solar collector (ETSC) charged with graphene nanoplatelets-methanol nano-suspension. Renew Energy 142:364–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2019.04.091
Saxena G, Gaur MK (2017) Exergy analysis of evacuated tube solar collectors: a review. Int J Exergy 25(1):54. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2018.088887
Shafieian A, Khiadani M, Nosrati A (2019) Thermal performance of an evacuated tube heat pipe solar water heating system in cold season. Appl Therm Eng 149:644–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.078
Shringi V, Kothari S, Panwar NL (2014) Experimental investigation of drying of garlic clove in solar dryer using phase change material as energy storage. J Therm Anal Calorim 118:29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-3991-0
Shrivastava V, Kumar A (2017) Embodied energy analysis of the indirect solar drying unit. Int J Ambient Energy 38:280–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2015.1092471
Singh P, Gaur MK (2021a) Environmental and economic analysis of novel hybrid active greenhouse solar dryer with evacuated tube solar collector. Sustain Energy Technol Assess 47:101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101428
Singh P, Gaur MK (2021b) Sustainability assessment of hybrid active greenhouse solar dryer integrated with evacuated solar collector. Curr Res Food Sci 4:684–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2021.09.011
Singh I, Vardhan S (2021) Experimental investigation of an evacuated tube collector solar air heater with helical inserts. Renew Energy 163:1963–1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.114
Singh P, Vyas S, Yadav A (2018) Experimental comparison of open sun drying and solar drying based on evacuated tube collector. Int J Sustain Energ 0:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2018.1505726
Singh S, Gill RS, Hans VS, Singh M (2021) A novel active-mode indirect solar dryer for agricultural products: Experimental evaluation and economic feasibility. Energy 222:119956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.119956
Singh S, Gill RS, Hans VS, Mittal TC (2022) Experimental performance and economic viability of evacuated tube solar collector assisted greenhouse dryer for sustainable development. Energy 241:122794. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENERGY.2021.122794
Sopian K, Othman MY, Zaidi SH (2012) Advanced solar assisted drying systems for marine and agricultural products. J Mech Eng 42(1):9–14. https://doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15912
Sundari ARU, Subramanian CV (2017) Comparative study of solar drying characteristics and thin-layer mathematical modelling of mango and cluster beans in two types of solar driers. Int J Latest Eng Res Appl 02:49–58
Sundari AR, Neelamegam P, Subramanian CV (2013) Performance evaluation of a forced convection solar drier with evacuated tube collector for drying amla. Int J Eng Technol 5:2853–2858
Tang R and Li G (2018) Solar collectors and solar hot water systems. In X. Z. Ruzhu Wang (Ed.), Handbook of Energy Systems in Green Buildings (1st ed., pp. 95–144). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49120-1_31/COVER
Tyagi VV, Pandey AK, Kaushik SC, Tyagi SK (2012) Thermal performance evaluation of a solar air heater with and without thermal energy storage An experimental study. J Therm Anal Calorim 107:1345–1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1617-3
Ubale AB, Pangavhane D, Auti A (2015) Experimental and theoretical study of thompson seedless grapes drying using solar evacuated tube collector with force convection method. Int J Eng 28:1796–1801
Ubale AB, Pangavhane D, Auti A (2017) Performance analysis of forced convection evacuated tube solar collector used for grape dryer. J Eng Sci Technol 12:42–53
Umayal AR, Neelamegam P, Subramanian CV (2014) Drying kinetics of muscat grapes in a solar drier with evacuated tube collector. Int J Eng 27:811–818. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ije.2014.27.05b.18
UmayalSundari A (2013) Performance of evacuated tube collector solar dryer with and without heat sources. Iran J Energy Environ 4:336–342. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijee.2013.04.04.04
Umayal Sundari A, Neelamegam P, Subramanian CV (2013) An experimental study and analysis on solar drying of bitter gourd using an evacuated tube air collector in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Conf Pap Energy 2013:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/125628
Veera Kumar A, Arjunan TV, Seenivasan D et al (2021a) Techno-economic evaluation of an evacuated tube solar air collector with inserted baffles. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part E: J Process Mech Eng 235:1027–1038. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954408921989847
Veera Kumar A, Arjunan TV, Seenivasan D et al (2021b) Thermal performance of an evacuated tube solar collector with inserted baffles for air heating applications. Sol Energy 215:131–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.037
Veeramanipriya E, UmayalSundari AR (2021) Performance evaluation of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar dryer for drying of cassava. Sol Energy 215:240–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.12.027
Venkatesan N, Arjunan TV (2014) An experimental investigation and performance analysis of a solar drying of bitter gourd using an evacuated-tube air collector. Int J ChemTech Res 6:5510–5518
Wang PY, Guan HY, Liu ZH, Wang GS, Zhao F, Xiao HS (2014) High temperature collecting performance of a new all-glass evacuated tubular solar air heater with U-shaped tube heat exchanger. Energy Convers Manage 77:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.08.019
Wang Y, Zhu Y, Chen H et al (2015) Performance analysis of a novel sun-tracking CPC heat pipe evacuated tubular collector. Appl Therm Eng 87:381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.045
Wang W, Li M, Hassanien RHE et al (2018) Thermal performance of indirect forced convection solar dryer and kinetics analysis of mango. Appl Therm Eng 134:310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.01.115
Xu L, Wang Z, Yuan G et al (2012) A new dynamic test method for thermal performance of all-glass evacuated solar air collectors. Sol Energy 86:1222–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2012.01.015
Yadav A, Bajpai VK (2012a) Thermal performance of one-ended evacuated tube solar air collector at different flow rates: Experimental investigation. Int J Ambient Energy 33:35–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2011.636207
Yadav A, Bajpai VK (2012b) Experimental comparison of various solid desiccants for regeneration by evacuated solar air collector and air dehumidification. Drying Technol 30:516–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2011.647997
Zhu TT, Diao YH, Zhao YH, Deng YC (2015) Experimental study on the thermal performance and pressure drop of a solar air collector based on flat micro-heat pipe arrays. Energy Convers Manage 94:447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.052
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Haryana, India, for providing the infrastructural and other support to conduct this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Santanu Malakar: writing—original draft preparation, and investigation. Vinkel Kumar Arora: conceptualization, review, supervision. Prabhat K. Nema: editing and review and explanation. Vikrant Yadav: formal analysis, editing, and explanation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
All authors have read the manuscript and agreed to publish.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Malakar, S., Arora, V.K., Nema, P.K. et al. Recent trends and applications of evacuated tube solar collector in food processing and air heating: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 18119–18142 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25078-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25078-y